About 'medical supply store chicago'|...around the world, alphabetized by cities (see N for New York, C for Chicago, F for Frankfurt, D for Dusseldorf etc.). For more info, please contact Waqas Usman...
African Americans have faced many struggles, from slavery to segregation. During the early nineteen hundreds, they were not afforded equal housing, educational or economic opportunity. The civil rights movement was a reaction to the intolerable conditions of the time. The characters from Lorraine Hansberrys play, "Raisin in the Sun," are indicative of the strength of will that helped to overcome the racial prejudices of the day, and increased freedoms for future generations to come. The civil rights movement reached its peak between the years of nineteen-fifty five through nineteen-sixty-five. The idea behind the movement was that all Americans, regardless of race, color or cultural differences should have the basic rights guaranteed by our constitution, and that no-one should be denied these rights based solely on their physical attributes. At the time of the civil rights movement, many Americans of color faced discrimination in almost every area of their lives. For instance it was not until nineteen-fifty-four that the Supreme Court found public school segregation illegal and overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessey v. Ferguson. The Civil Rights Act of nineteen-sixty-four prohibited discrimination by employers, programs receiving federal funding, and public accommodations such as hotels, restaurants and gas stations. Even with all of these overwhelming obstacles, numerous African Americans have defeated the odds and become great success stories. These people include such greats as Martin Luther King, Harriet Tubman, Zora Neale Hurston, Colin Powell, Rosa Parks and Maya Angelou. There are many opinions on racial inequality and discrimination and how to combat these issues. The play "Raisin in the Sun," gives the reader a very good idea of what life was like for some economically challenged black families during the pre-civil rights movement of the fifties and sixties; and delivers insight into the conflicts that occur within a black family struggling to keep their heads above the poverty line during this time. African Americans in Chicago The struggle of many Americans in Chicago was finding work. Most blacks were domestic help and manual laborers. Facing employment discrimination was a constant battle for them and included challenges such as finding good jobs and earning promotions and a wage increases. The African American population in Chicago dealt with many obstacles in their search for a better way of living. It did not matter whether they wanted to start a business, own a home, or go to college; they face many difficulties on their journey. Between nineteen-fifteen and nineteen-sixty, thousands of black southerners fled the south attempting to escape the segregation that existed and hoped to seek economic freedom in the north. Many went to Chicago because it had progressive anti-discrimination legislation However; the state was also one of the first to use racially restrictive housing covenants, which put limits on housing integration. Three quarters of the city's black population lived on the South side of Chicago. It was common for African Americans to cohabitate in an apartment and share bathrooms with different families. In the story, the author describes the bathroom, "And goes out to the bathroom, which is in an outside hall and which is shared by another family or families in the same floor." (Hansberry 1543). Generational Differences Within the play there are differing opinions about race among the characters. All of the main players are African Americans, and make up a family unit, yet one can clearly see there are generational, as well as economic viewpoints that cause the characters to have different ideas about the meaning of success. The characters within this story all play a role in the advancement of African Americans within our educational systems and the workforce in general. They all have different wants and needs, sometimes separate from what is best for the good of the group. However, the main theme behind all of their dreams is the advancement of themselves, the culture or the family. The Characters Conflict arises due to the adverse financial conditions under which they suffer. When the father dies and leaves a large insurance inheritance the mother is practical in her approach to the needs of the family unit. She wants a house they may call their own, and a garden she can tend. Being black and a homeowner was uncommon during this time. In nineteen-forty, less than twenty-five percent of the black male household heads were homeowners (Margo). For women this number was even lower. Mama wants a new house in which to raise her grandson and her unborn grandchild in a better environment. She knows moving to an all white neighborhood may bring violence upon her family, as was the case in nineteen-nineteen when five days of rioting left twenty-three black Chicagoans dead and three hundred wounded, however she is optimistic they will escape this fate . It is this kind of determination that helped African Americans conquers segregation. Walter Lee Younger is her son. He works as chauffeur, and spends his days driving white people around Chicago. He will not be happy until he is a rich man. He perceives his life as a failure because he cannot give his family the possessions he feels they need and deserve. Walter appears to view racism and the lack of opportunity it causes as the root of his problems. Some of Walter's beliefs about race and the inequalities between whites and blacks are surely true; however Walter tends to use this as an excuse for his perceived failures. He believes everything that is wrong in his life is because of the racism he endures. This has become a crutch for Walter. He does not have the job he wants and he is unable to advance his career, so he blames it on racism. Walter wants to use the insurance money for a business. He feels owning a liquor store will put him on better financial footing and help him support his family. His value as a person seems to hinge on his ability to gain wealth. He dreams of the white man coming to him for advice and thinks that owning his own store will elevate him to a different plane within society. He also wants his own business because he feels it will provide his son with more opportunities to succeed. He tells his son "Just tell me where you want to go to school and you will go. Just tell me what it is you want to be and you will be it. Whatever you want to be, you name it, son and I will hand you the world" (Hansberry 1586). He needs to supply his family with the best and is willing to risk everything to obtain these goals. He is blinded by his desire for money and respect. In the end, this brings trouble upon his family and leads to a substantial monetary loss; however, history has shown us that it is the unwillingness to concede to failure that ultimately determines success. Joseph Asagai is a native African. While Walter is frustrated and angry at the black man's situation, Joseph Asagai maintains an even-tempered sensible view on this subject. His goals are not to become successful and assimilated with the white race in the United States, but to continue to work and thrive in his own land, and to bring African ideology and pride to America. He is proud of his African heritage and of the color differences. Joseph Asagai does not refer to the people of his country in terms of color. He speaks of them as Africans. This sort of pride enabled Americans of African descent to maintain their determination throughout years of struggle and adversity during the civil rights movement. Beneatha is Walters's sister. She befriends Joseph Asagai and learns to be proud of her heritage. When he jokes with Beneatha about her hair looking ugly because she mutilates it, he is really telling her she is assimilating the white people. He makes these references occasionally during the play. Beneatha desires the insurance money for school. She wants an education. This is something her mother never had. In her mother's generation, a womans place was at home raising the family or performing some menial work to them. They would never have dreamed of an education. Beneatha wants to out of the ghetto and to leave her mark on the world. She also appears very interested in learning more about her African heritage. She strongly entertains the idea of joining her African friend in returning to his homeland. She has no tolerance for her mother's antiquated ideas and beliefs. Beneatha appears to have has lost all of her mother's moral values and begins a search for "self." This is apparent when she tells her mother she no longer accepts the "God" that her mother feels is so important. Her focus is not on monetary gain, but on her own needs. These ideas were also integral to obtaining a foothold in the war for equality. Through actions such as sit-ins and other peaceful protests, African Americans gained rights they had been denied in the past. "The demonstrations have shifted the desegregation battles from the courtroom to the marketplace." "They showed that nonviolent direct action and youth could be very useful weapons in the war against segregation." (Lisa Cozzens; "Sit-ins") The generational differences on the importance of money are very apparent throughout the play. Mama only wants a small place she can call her own. She does not seem to have any real interest in the, soon to come, civil rights movement. For her, happiness is having her family close and making things right within her apartment. She does not equate success with the amount of riches she has but finds solace in the love of her family and the successful moral upbringing of her children. She has seen slavery first hand and knew what true hardship is. Women and Youth Each succeeding generation plays a role in the search for equality, but younger Americans have always been the determining factor when it comes to making a major change. "The youngest Americans stand out for their broad support of racial preferences 48% of those in Generation Y believe every effort should be made to improve the position of blacks and other minorities, even if it means giving them preferential treatment. That is far higher than any other age group, and well more than the percentage of Generation X that expressed this opinion in 1987-1988 (36%)." (Pew Research Center, 2004) As America evolved the Civil Rights movement emerged. "First blacks, then other racial minorities, including students, the New Left and peace protesters emerged one by one as forces demanded social change." (Carabillo) With a passion for the possible, women emerged just as quickly. Beneatha is an example of the free spirited African American women that helped liberate a generation. She has her mind set on becoming a doctor, even though African American women had few rights at this time. She does not appear to consider that, in the sixties; women in general are discouraged from obtaining a medical degree. "In 1961 there was a large reservoir of educated women; but the medical field was dominated by men. It was not until 1963 was there even an attempt to establish equal pay." (Carabillo) Beneatha seems to view the future through eyes that are different than most women of this era. One gets the impression she is a feminist ahead of her time. She is passionate about getting out of her current environment and making a successful life for herself. Her brother wants her to marry George, a local upstanding youth, because he feels he can provide a better way of living for her. When Walter finds out his sister is planning to go to Africa he tells her "Girl, if you don't get all them silly ideas out your head! You better marry a man with some loot" (Hansberry 1607). Beneatha ignores his advice and continues in her quest for a higher education. She almost demands everyone understand that she will become a doctor, regardless of her race or circumstance. She believes in using education as a means to escape the poverty she has grown up in. Her way of thinking was ahead of her time. It is this sort of drive and courage that helped African American women gain a foothold in the civil rights movement. Women like Beneatha demanded equality and rights as human beings, and not only as women. This attitude helps to determine the success of the civil rights movement for women. A Different Kind of Woman Mama's children feel they need to be successful through education and monetary gain whereas Ruth and Mama are homemakers and not as concerned about equal rights for women as they are about the survival of their family. These women did not place any importance on their own educational goals. They seem content in their roles as homemakers and caregivers. Ruth is a woman who depends on her husband to support her and the family and has very little say in the financial aspects of their life. However, in her own way, she also influenced the advancement of African Americans by ensuring the cohesiveness of the family. She and Mama place their hopes in the endurance of the home, and their strength lies in the determination to keep the clan together at all costs. Taking Risks All of these dreams played a part in the success of the civil rights movement. If African Americans had not taken the risk needed to become entrepreneurs or further their educational goals, they may never have succeeded in achieving the equality they have within society today. Mama knows she must support her children emotionally to keep her family strong. She encourages her granddaughter to pursue her passion to become a doctor. She also supports and believes in her son. When Mama gives her son, Walter, the last bit of money she has from the insurance settlement to pursue his dream she puts her faith in his judgment. She hopes he knows the importance of this money for the family. His wife, Ruth, has just found out she is pregnant, and is hopeful he will not squander the inheritance. Unfortunately he loses everything. Even after Mama's son presumably shatters the family's dreams, they pull together and support one another. There is a moment of shock and disbelief at the unexpected development. Walter has lost his sisters college money and possibly jeopardized his son's future, as well as that of his unborn child. However, the family will not be subdued. Although they are warned by the white neighborhood before they move that they are not wanted. When the money is lost they almost give up their dream. However, their inability to allow racism to triumph forced them to come together and realize Mama's dream. They all decide they will do whatever it takes to retain their hopes of having a home of their own. In the end, this kind of commitment and determination is what allowed the civil rights movement to succeed. Works Cited Cozzens, Lisa. The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965: Introduction "Sit-Ins." 2004. Hansberry, Lorraine. "Raisin in the Sun." Literature and its Writers. Ann Charters and Samuel Charters. Boston: Bedford/St Martins, 2007. 1047-49 http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/ The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. "The 2004 Political LandscapeEvenly Divided and Increasingly Polarized." November 5, 2003 http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=754 Mango, Robert. "Historical Perspectives on Racial Economic Differences: A Summary of Recent Research". NBER. 2005. Html> Carabillo, Toni; "A Passion for the Possible" Feminist Majority Foundation. Nov. 18, 2007. "Living the Legacy: The Women's Rights Movement 1848-1998" History of Movement. Nov. 19, 2007. |
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