2013년 11월 30일 토요일

오전 7:24

By Pablo Noble

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About 'uk medical supplies'|...time for the honest members of the medical profession to say that they disagree. This is... over issues of data-supply to regulators is going...







About 'uk medical supplies'|...time for the honest members of the medical profession to say that they disagree. This is... over issues of data-supply to regulators is going...








Ｓｔｏｐ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｍｏｍｅｎｔ.

Ｉｎ               1946               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｌｒｅａｄｙ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ,               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ,               ｒａｄｉｏ,               ｒａｄａｒ,               ｊｅｔ               ａｉｒｃｒａｆｔ,               ｒｏｃｋｅｔ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,               ａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｓ,               ｓｕｂｍａｒｉｎｅｓ,               ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｏｒｓ,               ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅｓ,               ｘ-ｒａｙ,               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｐｏｗｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｃａ-ｃｏｌａ.

Ｔｒｕｅ,               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               "ｐｒｉｍｉｔｉｖｅ"               ｆｏｒｍ               ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｏｄａｙ'ｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｂｕｔ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｃｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ａ               ｌｏｔ               ｈａｓ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               1946.

Ｉｎ               1946               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ＩＩ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｈｏｒｒｉｆｉｃ               ｗａｒ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｄｉｇｇｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖａｓｔａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ               70               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙ               ａｓ               ｍａｎｙ               ａｓ               100               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｗｏｕｎｄｅｄ.

Ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｅｃｉｍａｔｅｄ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｓｔｏｏｄ               ａｌｏｎｅ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ'ｓ               ｓｏｌｅ               "ｓｕｐｅｒｐｏｗｅｒ"               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｏｍｉｃ               ｂｏｍｂ.

Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｗａｓ               ｎｅｘｔ               ｉｎ               ｌｉｎｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ａ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｓｕｐｅｒｐｏｗｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ａｌｒｅａｄｙ               ｈａｄ               Ｅａｓｔｅｒｎ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ.

Ｃｈｉｎａ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ＩＩ               ａｓ               ａ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ.

Ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｒｅａｔ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｅｎａｃｔｅｄ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｏｆ               "ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｍｅｎｔ."               Ｉｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｍ               ｔｏ               ｓｐｒｅａｄ               ａｎｙ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ.
               Ｉｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ＩＩ               ｈａｄ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｅｎｄｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃａｄｅ               ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｈａｄ               "ａｐｐｅａｓｅｄ"               Ａｄｏｌｆ               Ｈｉｔｌｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｕｓ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ｔｏ               ｐｌｕｎｇｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｗａｒ.

Ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｎｏ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｐｐｅａｓｅｍｅｎｔ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｇｕｎ.
               ＴＨＥ               ＣＯＬＤ               ＷＡＲ
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｗａｒ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ,               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒａｌ               ｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ａｌｌｉｅｄ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｗｅ               ａｌｒｅａｄｙ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｗｈｏ               "ｗｏｎ"               ｂｕｔ               ｌｅｔ'ｓ               ｔａｋｅ               ａ               ｌｏｏｋ               ａｔ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｗｈａｔ               ｈａｐｐｅｎｅｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｙｅａｒｓ               1948-1990.
               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ               Ｂｌｏｃｋａｄｅ               ａｎｄ               Ａｉｒｌｉｆｔ
               Ｇｅｒｍａｎｙ               ｗａｓ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｅａｓｔ               ａｎｄ               Ｗｅｓｔ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               ａｎｄ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ａｌｌｉｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅａｓｔ.

Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ               ｓａｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｗｅｓｔ               ｂｕｔ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ.

Ｅａｓｔ               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ               ｗａｓ               ｇｒａｎｔｅｄ               ｌａｎｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｉｒ               ｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｉｎ               Ｊｕｎｅ               1948               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｄｉｃｔａｔｏｒ               Ｊｏｓｅｆ               Ｓｔａｌｉｎ               ｂｌｏｃｋａｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｎｄ               ｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒ               ｉｎ               Ｅａｓｔ               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ.

Ｈｉｓ               ｉｎｔｅｎｔ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ａｌｌ               ｏｆ               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ               ｂｙ               ｓｔａｒｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｂａｎｋｒｕｐｔｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ.
               Ｉｎ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｌｅｇｅｎｄａｒｙ,               Ｈａｒｒｙ               Ｔｒｕｍａｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ａ               ｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｏｃｋ               ａｉｒｌｉｆｔ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｅａｓｔ               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ.

Ｔｒｕｍａｎ               ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｓｔａｌｉｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｄａｒｅ               ｎｏ               ｒｅｓｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｓｈｏｏｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｒｉｇｈｔ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａ               ｙｅａｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｉｒｌｉｆｔ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ａｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｈｅｉｇｈｔ               13               ｔｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｉｒｌｉｆｔｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｂａｓｉｓ.

Ｅａｓｔ               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄ               ｓａｆｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａｎ               ｔａｋｅｏｖｅｒ.

Ｓｔａｌｉｎ               ｌｉｆｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｌｏｃｋａｄｅ.

Ｒｏｕｎｄ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎ               Ｗａｒ
               Ｊａｐａｎ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ               Ｋｏｒｅａ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ＩＩ.

Ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａｎ               ａｒｍｙ               ｐｕｓｈｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｐａｎｅｓｅ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎ               ｐｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               38ｔｈ               ｐａｒａｌｌｅｌ.

Ｔｈａｔ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ｌｉｎｅ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａ               ａｎｄ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａ.

Ｉｎ               Ｊｕｎｅ               1950               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｉｎｖａｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎ               Ｗａｒ               ｂｅｇａｎ.
               Ｎｅａｒｌｙ               ｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｕｓａｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｌａｐｓｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｌｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒ-ａｔｔａｃｋｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｖｅｒｔｅｄ               ｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒ.

Ａｆｔｅｒ               ｒｅｇａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｔｉｖｅ               ＵＳ/ＵＮ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｉｇｎｏｒｉｎｇ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｒｅａｔｓ               ｐｕｓｈｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎｓ               ｂａｃｋ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               38ｔｈ               ｐａｒａｌｌｅｌ               ａｎｄ               ｐｉｎｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｙａｌｕ               Ｒｉｖｅｒ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｂｏｒｄｅｒ.
               Ｔｒｕｍａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ               ｅｌｓｅ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｗａｓ               ａｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｅｎｄ.

Ｔｈｅｙ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｌａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               "ｒｅｈａｂｉｌｉｔａｔｉｏｎ"               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎｓ.

Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ.
               Ｉｎ               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｍａｓｓｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｒｄｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｉｎ               Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｌａｓｈｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｔｉｍｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｔｈｒｅｗ               ｉｎ               200,000               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｄｏｕｇｌａｓ               ＭａｃＡｒｔｈｕｒ'ｓ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｇｏ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｉｖｅ.

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｎｇｅｓｔ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｒｅｔｒｅａｔ               ｉｎ               ＵＳ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｆｌｅｄ               ｓｏｕｔｈ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｉｇｉｄ               ｗｉｎｔｅｒ               ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ               ｎｉｐｐｅｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｈｅｅｌｓ.
               Ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ｉｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｆｅａｒｅｄ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ＩＩＩ               ｍｏｖｅｄ               "ｅｖｅｒ               ｃｌｏｓｅｒ."
               Ａｔ               ｏｎｅ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｔｒｕｍａｎ               ｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｌａｔｅｄ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｏｍｉｃ               ｂｏｍｂ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｂｕｔ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｉｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ.

Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               ＭａｃＡｒｔｈｕｒ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｄｕｔｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｔｒｕｍａｎ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ.
               Ｂｙ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               1951               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ/Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｋｏｒｅａｎｓ               ｈａｄ               ｒｅｔａｋｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｎｄ               ｎｏｒｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               38ｔｈ               ｐａｒａｌｌｅｌ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｓｉｘ               ｍｏｎｔｈｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｐｏｓｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｆｏｕｇｈｔ               ａ               ｓｅｅ-ｓａｗ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ.

Ｔｈｅｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｊｕｌｙ               1951               ｕｎｔｉｌ               Ｊｕｌｙ               1953               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｓｔａｌｅｍａｔｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ａｎ               ａｒｍｉｓｔｉｃｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｏｎ               Ｊｕｌｙ               27,               1953               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔ               ｃｅａｓｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｈａｓ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｅｎｄｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅａｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔ               ｒｅｓｕｍｉｎｇ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｌｏｏｍｓ               ｔｏｄａｙ.
               Ｔｈｅ               1950ｓ
               Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               1950ｓ               ｔｈｅ               "ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ"               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｆｏｒｍｅｄ.

Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅｓ               ｅｎａｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｒｓａｗ               Ｐａｃｔ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒ               ＮＡＴＯ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａｎｓ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ＫＧＢ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒａｃｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               ＣＩＡ.

Ｂｏｔｈ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｓｐｙｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｏｎｅ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ,               ｗｉｒｅ               ｔａｐｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｐｙ               ｐｌａｎｅｓ.
               Ｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ               Ｔｈｅ               ＣＩＡ               ｏｖｅｒｔｈｒｅｗ               ｒｅｇｉｍｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｉｒａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｕａｔｅｍａｌａ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｅ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｎｔｉ-ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｒｅｖｏｌｔ               ｉｎ               Ｈｕｎｇａｒｙ.

Ｅｇｙｐｔ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｅｚ               Ｃａｎａｌ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｒｅｆｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｅ.

Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｌａｕｎｃｈｅｄ               ｉｔｓ               Ｓｐｕｔｎｉｋ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｎｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｓｐａｃｅ.
               Ｉｎ               Ｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔ               Ａｓｉａ               ａ               ｌｉｔｔｌｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｗａｓ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               17ｔｈ               ｐａｒａｌｌｅｌ.

Ａｎｄ               90               ｍｉｌｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ               Ｆｉｄｅｌ               Ｃａｓｔｒｏ               ｃｏｎｑｕｅｒｅｄ               Ｃｕｂａ.

Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｍ               ｗａｓ               ｎｅａｒｌｙ               ａｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               ｓｈｏｒｅｓ.
               ＣＵＢＡ
               Ｂａｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｉｇｓ
               Ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               1960               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈｅｓ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｆ.

Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｖｏｗｅｄ               ｔｏ               "ｅｘｐｕｎｇｅ"               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｍ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃｕｂａ.

Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｅｉｓｅｎｈｏｗｅｒ               ｈａｄ               ａｌｒｅａｄｙ               ａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ               ｐａｒａｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｏｖｅｒｔｈｒｏｗｎ               Ｃａｓｔｒｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ＣＩＡ.

Ｗｈｅｎ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｈｅ               ａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｃｕｂａ               ｉｎｖａｓｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅａｃｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ａｒｅａ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               "Ｂａｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｉｇｓ."               Ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ'ｓ               ａｄｖｉｓｏｒｓ               ｒｅｊｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｎ               ｂｕｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｋｎｅｗ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｅｎｄｏｒｓｅｄ               ｉｔ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｋｅｐｔ               ｑｕｉｅｔ;               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｉｇｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ.
               Ｏｎ               Ａｐｒｉｌ               15,               1961               ｕｎｍａｒｋｅｄ               Ｂ-26               ｂｏｍｂｅｒｓ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｄ               Ｃａｓｔｒｏ'ｓ               ａｉｒｂａｓｅｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ               ｐｌａｎｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｇａｉｎ               ａｉｒ               ｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｒｉｔｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｎｔｉ-Ｃａｓｔｒｏ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ.

Ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｒｇｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ＣＩＡ,               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｒｅｆｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｔｒｉｋｅｓ.
               Ｏｎ               Ａｐｒｉｌ               16               ａｎｄ               17               ｓｏｍｅ               1400               ａｎｔｉ-Ｃａｓｔｒｏ               ｔｒｏｏｐｅｒｓ               ｗｅｎｔ               ａｓｈｏｒｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅａｃｈｅｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂａｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｉｇｓ.

Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒ.

Ｃｕｂａｎ               ａｉｒｃｒａｆｔ               ｓｔｒａｆｅｄ               ｓｈｉｐｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｑｕｉｐｍｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖａｄｅｒｓ.

Ｌａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｃｒａｆｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｇｒｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｃｏｒａｌ               ｒｅｅｆ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ＣＩＡ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｔｅｃｔ               ｉｎ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ.

Ｌｏｃａｌ               ｍｉｌｉｔｉａ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖａｄｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｋｅｐｔ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｐｉｎｎｅｄ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               Ｃａｓｔｒｏ'ｓ               ａｒｍｙ               ａｒｒｉｖｅｄ.

Ｌｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｎ               200               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               1400               ｉｎｖａｄｅｒｓ               ｅｓｃａｐｅｄ;               1100               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃａｐｔｕｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｌｉｇｈｔｌｙ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               100               ｗｅｒｅ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ.

Ｉｎ               1962               Ｃａｓｔｒｏ               ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               1100               ｆｏｒ               ＵＳ               ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ               ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｂａｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｉｇｓ               ｆｉａｓｃｏ               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｓｔｒｏ'ｓ               ａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ＣＩＡ'ｓ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓａｓｓｉｎａｔｅ               ｈｉｍ               (Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               Ｍｏｎｇｏｏｓｅ)               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｄｒａｗ               Ｃｕｂａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｃｌｏｓｅｒ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ.

Ｉｎ               1962               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｄｅｐｌｏｙｅｄ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ               ｔｏ               Ｃｕｂａ.
               Ｃｕｂａｎ               Ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅ               Ｃｒｉｓｉｓ
               Ｉｎ               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               1962               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｌｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               (ｉｎ               ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ)               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｇｕｎ               ｄｅｐｌｏｙｉｎｇ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｕｂａ.

Ｗｉｔｈ               ｒａｎｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               1000-2000               ｍｉｌｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ｓｔｒｉｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｍａｉｎｌａｎｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ               ｂｙ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ｔｏ               ＵＳ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｔｕｒｋｅｙ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂａｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｉｇｓ               ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔ.
               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｋｎｅｗ               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄｎ'ｔ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ               ｓｏ               ｎｅａｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｓｏ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｏｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ｈｅ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ａ               ｎａｖａｌ               ｂｌｏｃｋａｄｅ               ｏｆ               Ｃｕｂａ.

ＵＳ               ｎａｖａｌ               ｓｈｉｐｓ               ｓｔｏｐｐｅｄ               ａｌｌ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａｎ               ｖｅｓｓｅｌｓ               ｉｎｂｏｕｎｄ               ｔｏ               Ｃｕｂａ.

Ｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｓｉｓ               ｔｏ               ａｎ               ｅｎｄ.

Ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｅｓｃａｌａｔｅｄ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｈａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ａ               Ｕ-2               ｓｐｙ               ｐｌａｎｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｈｏｔ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｏｖｅｒ               Ｃｕｂａ               ａｎｄ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               "ｓｔｒａｙｅｄ"               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａｎ               ａｉｒｓｐａｃｅ.

Ｏｎｃｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅａｔ               ｏｆ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ＩＩＩ               ｌｏｏｍｅｄ               ｌａｒｇｅ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｓｉｓ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ａ               ｄｅａｌ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｒｕｃｋ               ｔｏ               "ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ"               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｔｕｒｋｅｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｒｅｍｏｖｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｕｂａ.

Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｗａｓ               ｈａｉｌｅｄ               ａ               ｈｅｒｏ               ｂｕｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ.

Ｗｅ               ｎｏｗ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ａｌｒｅａｄｙ               ｉｎｓｔａｌｌｅｄ               ｔａｃｔｉｃａｌ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｗｅａｐｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｕｂａ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎｖａｓｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               40,000               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｕｂａ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               10,000               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ               ｂｙ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｔａｆｆ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｕｂａｎ               Ｍｉｓｓｉｌｅ               Ｃｒｉｓｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ               ａ               ｔｕｒｎｉｎｇ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ;               ｇｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｂａｄ.

Ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｓｉｄｅｓ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｄｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｏｕｓ               "ｈｏｔ               ｌｉｎｅ"               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｓｔａｌｌｅｄ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｗｏ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｓｉｄｅｓ               ａｇｒｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｔｅｓｔ               ｂａｎ.
               Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ａｌｓｏ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃａｔｃｈ               ｕｐ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ａｒｍｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｍｓ               ｒａｃｅ               ｅｓｃａｌａｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｇｒｅｗ               ｃｏｌｄｅｒ.

Ｉｔｓ               ｎｅｘｔ               ｔｈｅａｔｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｎｙ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.
               ＴＨＥ               ＶＩＥＴＮＡＭ               ＷＡＲ
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               Ｗａｒ               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｕｇｈｔ               ｉｎ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｓｔａｇｅｓ.
               Ｓｔａｇｅ               Ｏｎｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｏｆ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｓｔ               Ｈｏ               Ｃｈｉ               Ｍｉｎｈ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅｌｄ               Ｉｎｄｏｃｈｉｎａ               (Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ,               Ｌａｏｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｍｂｏｄｉａ)               ａｓ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｒｅｎｃｈ               ｅｍｐｉｒｅ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               1885.

Ｗａｒ               ｂｒｏｋｅ               ｏｕｔ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｏ'ｓ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               1946               ａｎｄ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               1954               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｉｔｈｄｒａｗａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｉｎｄｏｃｈｉｎａ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｐａｉｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｏｍｅ               80%               ｏｆ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ'ｓ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｔａｉｎ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.
               Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｅｎｅｖａ               Ａｃｃｏｒｄｓ               ｐｅａｃｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｙ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｗａｓ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ.

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               Ｈｏ               Ｃｈｉ               Ｍｉｎｈ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｕｎｉｆｉｅｄ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.
               Ｓｔａｇｅ               ｔｗｏ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｖｉｌ               ｗａｒ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ.

Ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ａｐｐｒｏｖａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ'ｓ               ｌｅａｄｅｒ,               Ｎｇｏ               Ｄｉｈｎ               Ｄｉｅｍ               ｂｒｏｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｅｎｅｖａ               Ａｃｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｆｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｏｌｄ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ'ｓ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔｓ               ｒｅｖｏｌｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ｂｒｏｋｅ               ｏｕｔ.

Ｔｏ               ｆｉｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｓｕｒｇｅｎｃｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｇａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ａｄｖｉｓｏｒｓ.

Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ,               ａｉｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｈｉｎａ,               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｋｉｎｄ.
               Ｓｔａｇｅ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｉｎ               1961               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｓｕｒｇｅｎｃｙ               ｅｓｃａｌａｔｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｆｕｌｌ               ｓｃａｌｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｔｓ               ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ               ｃｏｍｒａｄｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｅｘｐａｎｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               ＵＳ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ａｄｖｉｓｏｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｕｔｈ.

Ａｌｓｏ,               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｌｏｓｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ｎｇｏ               Ｄｉｈｎ               Ｄｉｅｍ,               Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｚｅｄ               ａ               ｃｏｕｐ               ｂｙ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍｅｓｅ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒｔｈｒｏｗ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｄｉｅｍ'ｓ               ｍｕｒｄｅｒ               ｏｎ               Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ               2,               1963.

Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ               ｗａｓ               ｆｕｒｉｏｕｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｈｅ               ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄ.

Ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ａｓｓａｓｓｉｎａｔｅｄ               20               ｄａｙｓ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｏｎ               Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ               20,               1963.

Ｉｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               Ｌｙｎｄｏｎ               Ｂ.

Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅ               ｗｈａｔ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｐ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｅｒｕｐｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｃｈａｏｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｅｄ.

Ｉｔ               ｓｔｅｐｐｅｄ               ｕｐ               ｉｔｓ               ａｉｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ               ｉｎｓｕｒｇｅｎｔｓ.

Ｉｎ               Ａｕｇｕｓｔ               1964               ＵＳ               ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｔｅｒｓ               ｏｆｆ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ,               Ｇｕｌｆ               ｏｆ               Ｔｏｎｋｉｎ,               ｂａｔｔｌｅｄ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍｅｓｅ               ｔｏｒｐｅｄｏ               ｂｏａｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓａｎｋ               ｏｎｅ.

Ｔｗｏ               ｄａｙｓ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｎａｖａｌ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｆｉｒｅｄ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｂｙ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍｅｓｅ               ｖｅｓｓｅｌｓ.

Ｗｅ               ｎｏｗ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ｗａｓ               ｆａｌｓｅ.
               Ｎｅｖｅｒｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｄａｙｓ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｗｏ               ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔｓ               ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｕｇｕｓｔ               7               Ｇｕｌｆ               ｏｆ               Ｔｏｎｋｉｎ               Ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｕｎａｎｉｍｏｕｓ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｓｔｏｗｅｄ               ｗａｒ               ｐｏｗｅｒｓ               ｕｐｏｎ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ.

Ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ａ               ｄｅｃｌａｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒ               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｕｓｅ               "ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ"               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓｉｓｔ               ａｎｙ               ａｌｌｉｅｄ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｉｎ               Ｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔ               Ａｓｉａ.

Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｃａｒｔｅ               ｂｌａｎｃｈ.
               Ｂｙ               ｅａｒｌｙ               1965               ｉｔ               ｌｏｏｋｅｄ               ａｓ               ｉｆ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｗａｓ               ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌａｐｓｅ.

Ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｓｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ＵＳ               ｇｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｔｏ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.

Ｔｈｅｎ               ｉｎ               Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ               1965               ＵＳ               ｃｏｍｂａｔ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｆｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ               ｏｆ               Ｉａ               Ｄｒａｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ｏｖｅｒｗｈｅｌｍｉｎｇ               ＵＳ               ｔａｃｔｉｃａｌ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ.

Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｗｅｓｔｍｏｒｅｌａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｌｙ               ｐｒｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｅｎｄ               ｂｙ               1967.

Ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               ａｌｌｉｅｓ               ｓｅｎｔ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               (ｎｏｔ               Ｃａｎａｄａ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＫ).

Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｈｉｎａ               ｓｔｅｐｐｅｄ               ｕｐ               ａｉｄ               ｔｏ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂａｔｔｌｅｆｉｅｌｄ.

Ｓｔａｇｅ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               Ｗａｒ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｇｕｎ.
               Ｓｔａｇｅ               Ｆｏｕｒ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｂｌｏｏｄｙ               ｓｔａｌｅｍａｔｅ.

ＵＳ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ｗｏｎ               ｎｅａｒｌｙ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｆｏｕｇｈｔ               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔ               ａｔ               ｒｅｔｒｅａｔ,               ｃｏｎｃｅａｌｍｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎ.

ＵＳ               ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄｎ'ｔ               ｄｅｖｉｓｅ               ａｎｙ               ｃｌｅａｒ               ｃｕｔ               ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ.

Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ               ｅｓｃａｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ｂｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｎｏ               ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｃ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ.

Ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ｆｌｏｗｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｄｉｓａｐｐｅａｒｅｄ               ａｍｉｄｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｏｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｒｒｕｐｔｉｏｎ.

Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               1967               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏ               ｅｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｉｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ｙｏｕｎｇ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｂａｃｋ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｇｒｅｗ               ｒｅｓｔｌｅｓｓ
               Ｏｎ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               31               1968               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔｓ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｄ               100               ｃｉｔｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｉｎ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               Ｔｈｅ               Ｔｅｔ               (Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍｅｓｅ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｅａｒ               ｈｏｌｉｄａｙ)               Ｏｆｆｅｎｓｉｖｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｃａｕｇｈｔ               ＵＳ               ａｎｄ               ａｌｌｉｅｄ               ｏｆｆ               ｇｕａｒｄ.

Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｗｅｓｔｍｏｒｅｌａｎｄ'ｓ               ｈｅａｄｑｕａｒｔｅｒｓ               ｗａｓ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｄ               ａｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               Ｅｍｂａｓｓｙ               ｉｎ               Ｓａｉｇｏｎ               (Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍｅｓｅ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ).

Ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｕｔｉｌｉｚｉｎｇ               ｍａｓｓｉｖｅ               ｆｉｒｅｐｏｗｅｒ               ｔｈｒｅｗ               ｂａｃｋ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｒｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｈｕｅ               ｆｉｅｒｃｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｍｏｎｔｈ.

Ａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｓｅｅｎ               ｏｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｗａｓ               ｓｈｏｃｋｅｄ.
               Ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅａｒ               ｄｅｃｉｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｂｙ               ＵＳ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｉｔ               ｓｅｅｍｅｄ               ｌｉｋｅ               ａ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ               ｆｏｒ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.

Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｔｕｒｎｅｄ.

Ｌｙｎｄｏｎ               Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏｏ               ｗｏｒｎ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｒｕｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅ-ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ.

Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｎｉｘｏｎ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.
               Ｓｔａｇｅ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｉｎ               1969               ｗｈｅｎ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｎｉｘｏｎ               ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ＵＳ               ｔｒｏｏｐ               ｗｉｔｈｄｒａｗａｌｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅａｃｅ               ｔａｌｋｓ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.

Ｈｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｔｅｄ               "Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ"               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ.

Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｎｉｘｏｎ'ｓ               ｄéｔｅｎｔｅ               (ｅａｓｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ)               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｒａｐｐｒｏｃｈｅｍｅｎｔ               (ｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ)               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｃｈｉｎａ               (ＰＲＣ).

Ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｈａｄ               ｗｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｐａｃｅ               ｒａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｊｕｌｙ               ｌａｎｄｅｄ               ｍｅｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｏｎ.
               Ｎｉｘｏｎ               ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ               ｗａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｂｏｔｈｅｒｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               Ｗａｒ               ａｎｙ               ｌｏｎｇｅｒ.

Ｈｅ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｂａｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｎｅｕｔｒａｌ               Ｃａｍｂｏｄｉａ.

Ｔｈｅｎ               ｉｎ               1970               ａｌｌ               ｏｕｔ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｃａｍｂｏｄｉａ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｔｏ               ｌｉｇｈｔ.

Ｍａｎｙ               ｓｅｃｔｏｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ａｎｄ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｕｔｒａｇｅｄ.

Ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔｓ               ｏｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               ｃａｍｐｕｓｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｌｅｇｉｏｎ.
               Ｗｈｅｎ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ               ａｔ               Ｋｅｎｔ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｍｉｓｓｉｓｓｉｐｐｉ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｇａｖｅ               Ｎｉｘｏｎ               ａ               ｄｅａｄｌｉｎｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｍｏｖｅ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃａｍｂｏｄｉａ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｒｅｐｅａｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｕｌｆ               ｏｆ               Ｔｏｎｋｉｎ               Ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ.

Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｇｅｔ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｂｕｔ               ｗｈｅｎ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｌａｕｎｃｈｅｄ               ａｎ               ｏｆｆｅｎｓｉｖｅ               ｉｎ               1972               Ｎｉｘｏｎ               ｒｅｓｕｍｅｄ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ.
               Ｗｈｅｎ               ｐｅａｃｅ               ｔａｌｋｓ               ｂｒｏｋｅ               ｄｏｗｎ               Ｎｉｘｏｎ               ａｇａｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｂｏｍｂｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               1972               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｍａｓ               Ｄａｙ               Ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ.

Ｐｅａｃｅ               ｔａｌｋｓ               ｒｅｓｕｍｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｅａｒｌｙ               1973               ａｎｄ               ａｎ               ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅａｃｈｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｉｔｈｄｒａｗａｌ               ｏｆ               ＵＳ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ.

Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               Ｗａｒ               ｗａｓ               ｏｖｅｒ.
               Ｉｎ               1974               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｎｉｘｏｎ,               ｏｎｃｅ               ａ               ｈｅｒｏ,               ｒｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｓｈａｍｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｔｅｒｇａｔｅ               Ｓｃａｎｄａｌ.
               Ｏｎ               Ｍａｙ               1,               1975               Ｓａｉｇｏｎ               ｆｅｌｌ               ｔｏ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｗａｓ               ｕｎｉｆｉｅｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               30               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ.
               ＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＣ               ＡＲＭＳ               ＬＩＭＩＴＡＴＩＯＮ               ＴＲＥＡＴＹ               (ＳＡＬＴ)
               Ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｓｅｒｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇｓ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｉｎ               Ｈｅｌｓｉｎｋｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｖｉｅｎｎａ               ｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｃ               Ａｒｍｓ               Ｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎ               Ｔｒｅａｔｙ               ｏｒ               ＳＡＬＴ               Ｉ.

Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｎｉｘｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａｎ               Ｌｅｏｎｉｄ               Ｂｒｅｚｈｎｅｖ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ＡＢＭ               ｔｒｅａｔｙ               ｉｎ               1972.

Ｔｈｅｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               1977               ａｎｄ               1979               Ｊｉｍｍｙ               Ｃａｒｔｅｒ               ａｎｄ               Ｂｒｅｚｈｎｅｖ               ｅｎｇａｇｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｅｒｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔａｌｋｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｃｕｌｍｉｎａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ＳＡＬＴ               ＩＩ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｆｏｒｂｉｄ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇ               ｎｅｗ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｗｅａｐｏｎｓ.
               Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ａｆｔｅｒ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ               ｉｎｖａｄｅｄ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ               ｉｎ               1979               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               Ｓｅｎａｔｅ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒａｔｉｆｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｙ.

Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ               ｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ'ｓ               "Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ."               Ｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｐｌｕｎｇｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｉｔｓ               ｏｗｎ               ｃｒｉｓｉｓ.

Ｏｎ               Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ               4,               1979               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍｓ               ｉｎ               Ｉｒａｎ               ｓｔｏｒｍｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               Ｅｍｂａｓｓｙ               ｉｎ               Ｔｅｈｒａｎ.

Ｆｉｆｔｙ-ｔｈｒｅｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｈｏｓｔａｇｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｃａｐｔｉｖｅ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               20,               1981.
               Ｆｏｒ               30               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｈａｄ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｈｅｓｓ               ｂｏａｒｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｉｇｅｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｏｏｓｔ.
               ＲＯＮＡＬＤ               ＲＥＡＧＡＮ
               Ｒｏｎａｌｄ               Ｒｅａｇａｎ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｏａｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｏｎ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               20,               1981,               ｙｅｓ,               ｔｈａｔ               ｓａｍｅ               ｄａｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｒａｎ               ｈｏｓｔａｇｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ.

Ｗｅ               ｌｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｉｌｌｅｇａｌ               ｄｅａｌ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｌｌ               ｗｅａｐｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               Ｉｒａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｆｕｎｄ               ｉｎｓｕｒｇｅｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               Ｎｉｃａｒａｇｕａ               (Ｉｒａｎ-Ｃｏｎｔｒａ               Ｓｃａｎｄａｌ).
               Ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｒｔ               Ｒｅａｇａｎ               ｔｏｏｋ               ａ               ｈａｒｄ               ｌｉｎｅ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ.

Ｈｅ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｉｔ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｅｖｉｌ               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅ"               (ｆｒｏｍ               Ｓｔａｒ               Ｗａｒｓ!?).

Ｒｅａｇａｎ               ｔｒａｓｈｅｄ               ｄéｔｅｎｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ａ               ｍａｓｓｉｖｅ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ｕｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ.

Ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ'ｓ               Ｐｒｉｍｅ               Ｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒ               Ｍａｒｇａｒｅｔ               Ｔｈａｔｃｈｅｒ,               Ｒｅａｇａｎ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ａ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｓｍａｎｔｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ.

Ｈｅ               ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｍ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｌｅｆｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               "ｔｒａｓｈ               ｈｅａｐ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ."
               Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｒｅａｇａｎ'ｓ               ａｐｐｒｏｖａｌ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ａｎｔｉ-ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ.

Ｉｎ               1983               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｄｅｆｉａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｔｒｅａｔｉｅｓ,               Ｒｅａｇａｎ               ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏａｄ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ａ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               (ＳＤＩ               ｏｒ               Ｓｔａｒ               Ｗａｒｓ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｓ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｉｔ.)
               Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅａｇａｎ'ｓ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               ｔｅｒｍ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｔｕｒｍｏｉｌ               ｗａｓ               ｂｅｙｏｎｄ               ｒｅｐａｉｒ               ｉｎ               ｐａｒｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅａｇａｎ'ｓ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｂｕｉｌｄ-ｕｐ               ａｎｄ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ'ｓ               ｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｕｐ.

Ａｌｓｏ,               ｉｎ               1985               ａ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               ｒｅｆｏｒｍｅｒ               ｎａｍｅｄ               Ｍｉｋｈａｉｌ               Ｇｏｒｂａｃｈｅｖ               ｃａｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｉｎ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ.

Ｒｅａｇａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｏｒｂａｃｈｅｖ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ               ｓｕｍｍｉｔ               ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇｓ.

Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               Ｇｏｒｂａｃｈｅｖ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｒｅａｇａｎ               ｓａｉｄ               ｉｎ               1987,               ｉｎ               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ,               "Ｍｒ.

Ｇｏｒｂａｃｈｅｖ,               ｔｅａｒ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｌｌ."
               Ｉｎ               1989               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ               Ｗａｌｌ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏｒｎ               ｄｏｗｎ.

Ｉｎ               1991               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｃｏｌｌａｐｓｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               ｈａｄ               ｅｎｄｅｄ.

Ａ               ｎｅｗ               ｗａｒ               ｗａｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｇｉｎ.
               Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ:               
               Ｄａｖｉｄ               ＭｃＣｕｌｌｏｕｇｈ:               ＴＲＵＭＡＮ               
               Ｋｅｎｎｅｔｈ               Ｔ.

Ｗａｌｓｈ:               Ｒｏｎａｌｄ               Ｒｅａｇａｎ               
               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ               
               Ｐａｕｌ               Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ:               Ａ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               
               Ｐａｕｌ               Ｓ.

Ｂｏｙｅｒ:               Ｏｘｆｏｒｄ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               
               Ｒｏｂｅｒｔ               Ｄａｌｌｅｋ:               Ｆｌａｗｅｄ               Ｇｉａｎｔ:               Ｌｙｎｄｏｎ               Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｉｓ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ,               1961-1973






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    8. newsaboutafghanistan.blogspot.com/   05/15/2006
      ...against the enemy force, largely Taliban, over the weekend." There had been no UK casualties. #5: A former Akron-area resident battling Taliban violence in...
    9. scientific-misconduct.blogspot.com/   02/15/2007
      ...physiotherapist, and Dr Pat Frankish. the medical assessor to the panel (... Deputy Director of the UK Mental Health Research Network which...include this appointment on his supplied CV that a number of...
    10. nastyletterstocrookedpoliticians.blogspot.com/   07/13/2005
      ... previously moved to Sweden. “We have cases pending now for the UK and Ireland,” she added. Yet despite small instances of success, the...

      11. Uk Medical Supplies - Blog Homepage Results

      keshamurraybykeshamurray
      http://keshamurray.wordpress.com/
      ... from the University of Oxford, UK, who write about their findings in the...occlusive thrombus that cuts off the blood supply to their heart or brain. For years, ...
      Editor M-Jbyelegantsurvivalist
      http://elegantsurvivalist.wordpress.com/
      ...McCoy McCoy Cabbage Planter McDonalds france meat Meat Budget meat grinder meat sauce Medical news Medicinal Plants Medieval Book Medieval Movie Mediterranean Bread Mediterranean Food...
      Masterbbc’s Blogbyrorynewbery
      http://rorynewbery.wordpress.com/
      ... being taken in the UK include an expansion of anti-viral ...information leaflets for every family. Supplies of antibiotics are to be...
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    댓글 1개:

    1. Unknown2015년 4월 27일 오후 10:20

      Good post....thanks for sharing.. very useful for me i will bookmark this for my future needs. Thanks.
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